0 Mosques don’t have to be a special buliding.
0 Muhammad said where ever the hour of prayer, over takes you, you shall perform the prayer.
0 It is heart of muslim community.
0 As the building is used 5 times daily, for prayer it is a convenient place to hold meetings.
0 There is often a large room where wedding celebration or family parties can be held.
0 Mosques that have been converted from redundant buildings, don’t have traditional features outside.
0 The platform at the topof the steps, is called the minbar.

0 The prayer man sits at the top of the minbar to give his

sermon at Friday prayers.
0 They also sit there because you can be seen and heard easily.
0 The high ceiling helps keep the building cooler.
0 It’s important it is in a dessert country.
0 Classes are held in Arabic to teach people to read the Qu’ran.
0 The Qu’ran is the Islamic holy book.
0 It is written in Arabic.

Immigration Into Britain

Over 2 million members of ethnic groups live in the United Kingdom (roughly 5.5% of the population). In the 1940s and 1950s, many immigrants came to Britain from countries which are known as the ‘Commonwealth’. They saw themselves as guest workers who wanted to earn money for a better life in their native countries. So their intention was originally to go back after a certain amount of time, but many of them stayed in Britain, started families and settled down.

From 1991 to 1998, the main part of the immigrants came from Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Many immigrants have usually immigrated because of political oppression or religious persecution or they just want to go to the UK because they hope for a better life. They also come from Commonwealth nations which are preferred by the UK.

Marc Chagall

Chagall is also known as:
· Marc Chagall or
· Mark Zakharovich Chagall.
He lived from 1887-1985. Marc Chagall was a Russian-born French painter and designer. He is recognized as one of the most significant painters and graphic artists of the 20th century.

Chagall was born July 7, 1887, in Vitsyebsk, Russia (now in Belarus), and was educated in art in Saint Petersburg and, from 1910, in Paris, where he remained until 1914.

Between 1915 and 1917, he lived in Saint Petersburg; after the Russian Revolution he was director of the Art Academy in Vitsyebsk from 1918 to 1919 and was art director of the Moscow Jewish State Theatre from 1919 to 1922.

Chagall painted several murals in the theatre lobby and executed the settings for numerous productions. In 1923, he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life, except for a period of residence in the United States from 1941 to 1948.

He died in St. Paul de Vence, France, on March 28, 1985. Chagall's distinctive use of colour and form is derived partly from Russian expressionism and was influenced decisively by French cubism. Crystallizing his style early, as in Candles in the Dark (1908, artist's collection), he later developed subtle variations.

His numerous works represent characteristically vivid recollections of Russian-Jewish village scenes, as in I and the Village (1911, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), and incidents in his private life, as in the print series Mein Leben (German for “My Life,” 1922), in addition to treatments of Jewish subjects, of which The Praying Jew (1914, Art Institute of Chicago) is one.

His works combine recollection with folklore and fantasy. Biblical themes characterize a series of etchings executed between 1925 and 1939, illustrating the Old Testament, and the 12 stained-glass windows in the Hadassah Hospital of the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre in Jerusalem (1962).

In 1973 Musée National Message Biblique Marc Chagall (National Museum of the Marc Chagall Biblical Message) was opened in Nice, France, to house hundreds of his biblical works. Chagall executed many prints illustrating literary classics. A canvas completed in 1964 covers the ceiling of the Opera in Paris, and two large murals (1966) hang in the lobby of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.

<-- This painting is called Joy.

Weight and Mass

Dr. Marshall has eaten too many chocolates and has a mass of 65kg. Her weight on Earth is 650N. She can’t afford to visit Weight Watchers and has her own weight loss plan. She is going to go and live on the moon. There, g is 1.6N/kg. What will her weight be on the moon?


Weight on moon = ______650_______ x 1.6 = _______1040_______N


On Earth, a box of ‘Celebrations’ (mass = 0.465kg) weighs ____4.65_____ N


Planet - g/N/kg - Weight of ‘celebrations’ / N
Mars - 3.7 - 17.205
Neptune - 11.0 - 51.15
Jupiter - 22.9 - 106.485

Weigh yourself using the scales and fill in the table below.

Planet - g in N/kg - Your Mass/kg - Weight /N
Mercury - 3.8 - 171 - 1710
Venus - 8.6 - 387 - 3870
Earth - 9.8 - 441 - 4410
Mars - 3.7 - 166.5 - 1665
Jupiter - 22.9 - 1030.5 - 10305
Saturn - 9.1 - 409.5 - 4095
Uranus - 8.9 - 400.5 - 4005
Neptune - 11.0 - 495 - 4950
Pluto - 0.49 - 22.05 - 220.5

Mitre and End Lap Joints

A mitre joint is usually a 45° angle, to make a corner. It is often used in making picture frames. In woodwork, it is one way of joining two pieces of wood that meet at an angle. It is easy and attractive. It is one of the weakest joints, but it can be strengthened with a spline.

End lap joints are also called half lap joints. It is used when joining the end piece of wood at either parallel or at right angles. When the joint makes a corner, as in a rectangular frame, the joint is often called a corner lap.

French Numbers

One – Un
Two – deux
Three – trios
Four – quatre
Five – cinq
Six – six
Seven – sept
Eight – huit
Nine – neuf
Ten – Dix
Eleven – onze
Twelve – douze
Thirteen – Trieze
Fourteen – quatorze
Fifteen – quinze
Sixteen – seize
Seventeen – dix-sept
Eighteen – dix-huit
Nineteen – dix-neuf
Twenty – vingt
Twenty one – vingt et un
Thirty – trente
Thirty one – trente et un
Forty – quarante
Forty one – quarante et un
Fifty – cinquante
Fifty one – cinquante et un
Sixty – soixante
Sixty one – soixante et un
Seventy – soixante-dix
Seventy one – soixante-dix et un
Eighty – quatre-vingt
Eighty one – quatre-vingt et un
Ninety – quatre-vingt-dix
Ninety one – quatre-vingt-dix et un
One hundred – cent

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th April 1889, in Braunau-am-Inn. He left school at 16 with no qualifications and struggled to make a living as a painter in Vienna.

In 1913, he moved to Munich and became a member in the German army, where he was wounded. In 1919 he joined the fascist German Workers' Party (DAP).

He played to the indignation of right-wingers, promising extremist 'remedies' to Germany's post-war problems which he and many others blamed on Jews and Bolsheviks.

By 1921 he was the unquestioned leader of what was now the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party).

In 1923, Hitler attempted an unsuccessful in Munich and was imprisoned for nine months. On his release he began to rebuild the Nazi Party and used new techniques of mass communication to get his message across.

The Nazis grew stronger and in the 1932 elections, Hitler became the largest party in the German parliament. In January 1933, he became chancellor of a coalition government. He quickly took power and began to organise anti-Jewish laws. He also began the process of German militarisation and expanding territory that would eventually lead to World War Two. He united with Italy and later with Japan.

Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 began World War Two. After military successes in Denmark, Norway and Western Europe, but after failing to subdue Britain in 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Jewish populations of the countries conquered by the Nazis were rounded up and killed.

In December 1941, Hitler declared war on America. The war on the eastern front used up Germany's resources and in June 1944, the British and Americans landed in France. With Soviet troops positioned to take the German capital, Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin on 30 April 1945.

Geographical Terms

The Basic Pattern of Headlands and Bays:

Headlands and bays are made by erosion from the waves. Headlands are made when the sea attacks a section of a cliff made with hard and soft rocks. The soft rock erodes faster than the hard rock so it makes a curvy line. The rock that is left sticking out into the sea is called a headland. The areas where the rock has eroded away, next to the headlands, are called bays.


Features at the Foreland:

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps are some features at the foreland. Caves are made when the waves attack a cliff and it makes a small hole in it. The waves keep attacking it until it gets really big. Some caves like the ‘Tilly Whim Caves’ can be visited by the public. Arches are made from a crack in a headland. The crack keeps getting taller and wider until it becomes so big that it makes the shape of an arch.


Features at the Foreland:

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps are some features at the foreland. A stack is made when the top of an arch gets really close to the top of the headland and it cannot support the weight any longer so it falls into the sea. This creates two stacks. Examples of stacks are ‘Old Harry and his Wife’. A stump is made from a stack when the weathering attacks the top of a stack and the waves attack the bottom of the stack. This causes the top and bottom of the stack to crumble. There is now lots of rubble in the sea like a small stack but wider. This is a stump.


Collapsing Cliffs:

The shape of a cliff is made by erosion and weathering. The weather attacks the top of the cliff while the sea is slowly eroding the bottom of it. This makes a wave-cut notch. Cliffs are made from layers of hard rock (limestone, chalk, etc.) and soft rock (clays and sandstone).

The soft rock erodes easily and creates gently sloping cliffs but the hard rock takes longer and is harder to erode so it creates steep cliffs. The bottom of the cliff erodes quicker than the top of the cliff as the weather is only making it weaker. After a while, the bottom has an area of cliff missing from the erosion. The top of the cliff then falls down because of the weathering, which has made it weak, and so it cannot hold the rest of the cliff up any more.


Transportation and Deposition:

Transportation occurs when the movement of sediment along the coastline. Deposition occurs when the energy of waves decrease.


Long Shore Drift:

Long shore drift is the movement of sediment along the coastline. The swash comes in at an angle but the backwash always goes straight back. If there was a pebble on the beach (close to the sea) the waves pull it back, then push it up onto the beach a bit further up. This would carry on until it got to a groyne or the wave ran out of energy.


Human Interaction:

Building a sea wall – protects base of cliff from erosion, can prevent flooding.
Building groynes – prevents beach material from moving along the beach
through the process of long shore drift, builds up a beach.


Human Interaction:

Building a sea wall – expensive to build, may begin to erode after a few years.
Building groynes – unattractive?, can be costly to build and maintain.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Isambard Kingdom Brunel was as a famous engineer. He was born in 1806 and he died when he was 53 in 1859 in Portsmouth.

He was very clever and loved maths. When he left school, he became an apprentice to a watchmaker in Paris.

When he was 17, he started to work in his father’s engineering office in London. His first job with his father was building the Thames Tunnel. It went underneath the river Thames.

Brunel was injured in an accident when the tunnel collapsed under the water. He went to Bristol and won a competition to build a bridge over the river Avon. The only way to cross the river while the bridge was being built was in a basket. Brunel was the first person to cross the river in the basket.

He had a wife and three children. He loved performing magic tricks to them.

He wanted to build a railway from London to Bristol. He became the Chief Engineer of the Great Western Railway in 1833. He also wanted to build ships that would sail from Bristol to New York.

The first boat he ever built was called The Great Western, which was made from wood. His second ship was even bigger and made from iron. His last ship, The Great Eastern, was the biggest ship in the world (at the time). The Great Eastern took five years to build.

It was difficult to launch but she eventually launched in 1858. In 1859, an explosion on board the Great Eastern really upset Brunel. Brunel died at the age of 53 a week later. His work meant that people could travel and trade in a different way. You can see his suspension bridge in Bristol.

King Henry VIII

Henry VIII was born in 1491 and he died in 1547.

He had special tutors to teach him when he was a boy.

He had a fool to amuse him when he was bored with his books.

He also had to learn jousting, archery, hunting and other military arts.

In 1509 Henry was crowned King and he married Catherine of Aragon.

Henry VIII had 6 wives:

1. Catherine of Aragon (divorced)

2. Anne Boleyn (beheaded)

3. Jane Seymour (died)

4. Anne of Cleeves (divorced)

5. Kathryn Howard (beheaded)

6. Katherine Parr (survived)

In the brackets next to Henry's wives is a little rhyme to help you remember whether they were divorced, beheaded, died or survived ;-)

From his marriages, Henry had three children who lived: Mary, Elizabeth and Edward.

As an older man, Henry became quite overweight as he ate very rich food. There were big differences between rich and poor people in Henry VIII's time. Henry wore very rich, expensive clothes. Some even had jewels sewn into them.

As King of England, it was important that Henry was seen as rich and powerful. He lived in grand palaces like Hampton Court.

The kitchens at Hampton Court were huge.

You can visit some of the places where Henry VIII lived like Hampton Court Palace.